Carruthers History
Carruthers as a name was first found in what is now Dumfriesshire from in and around the parish of Middlebie in the West March of the Anglo-Scottish border. Historically, the principal strongholds of the Clan were Mouswald, Holmains, Dormont, Little Dalton and Rammerscales. Carruthers as a Clan, lived and rieved in the most dangerous and violent part of the Scottish borders, that of the West March.
Origins
The origin of the surname of Carruthers alludes to the ancient Brythonnic fort called Caer Rydderch or Rythyr as per by the Scottish historian George Fraser Black who asserted that this means fort of Rydderch, with Ryther appearing to be a form of personal name. The remains of the old fort can be seen on Birrens/Carruthers hill above and to the west of the farm of that name – Carruthers Farm, near Lockerbie.
Carruthers of Dormont further suggest through family legend, “that the Carruthers family may be descendants of ColeHen, King of Cumbria (or Old King Cole as he became known) because one of his sons, Rhideris, built a caer, or castle, near Ecclefechan”.
However, current evidence does suggest that the Rydderch (pronounced Ruthers in the Cumbric dialect, similar to modern Welsh) who is mentioned in relation to the fort was not Rydderch Hael, an ancient king of Strathclyde but rather a war leader, local to the area. It seems that a ‘fort’ has sat on Birren hill and was inhabited by members of the Selgovae tribe who were there before the end of the Roman occupation in 400BC. DNA profiling suggests that the male line appears in Scotland around 500 BC/BCE from Sweden and in order to ensure the Carruthers line continued, had children with the indigenous Celtic population.
Closely linked with the family of Bruce and from their ancient beginnings they were to rise to become Hereditary Foresters and heriditary Stewards of Annandale under the Bruce as lords of Annandale, Wardens of the West March, Chancellors, Advisors and Commissioners to the King, knights and Barons of the realm, Assistant Directors of the War Office, Brigadier Generals in the British Army and Colonels in the Indian Army to name but a few.
Earliest mention
The earliest recording of the name or territorial designation ‘Carruthers’ was William de Carruthers who made a donation to the Abbey of Newbattle in the reign of Alexander II of Scotland (1215-1245).
Another early recorded spelling of the family name ‘Carruthers’ is shown to be that of Simon de Karruthers, a churchman of the parish of Middlebie, which is dated circa 1272 – 1307. This is listed in “Historical Manuscripts of Great Britain” and was during the reign of King Edward 1, also known as “The Hammer of the Scots. Nigel de Carruthers, a cleric who was also Rector of Ruthwell in 1380, and rose to become Canon of Glasgow Cathedral. In 1351, he was also named as chancellor to Robert, High Steward of Scotland in 1344. Robert was later to become King Robert II in 1371.
It is also suggested although no solid evidence exists, that the Carruthers were among those who rose with William Wallace (1272-1305) when he rebelled against English rule and again with Robert the Bruce, supporting him at Bannockburn in 1314 when he defeated the English and finally drove them from Scotland. However, when the Barons of Scotland were summoned by King Edward the first of England to Scone in 1291 to swear fealty to the Crown of England and sign the famous Ragman Roll, there were some that refused, one being William Karrudise (Carruthers) of Annandale who stood with Sir William Wallace of Ellerslie (William Wallace) and Sir William Douglas of the Sanquhair, in their refusal to bend the knee.
It seems we were a proud and rebellious lot as it is stated in the Chroncles of Muckledale that a William Carruthers was one individual who ever refused the English Yoke. He was a friend of Thomas Bruce, Earl of Carrick, and a supporter of Robert Stewart (King Robert II, 2 March 1316 – 19 April 1390) grandson of Robert the Bruce, who reigned Scotland 1371-1390. Robert II was the first monarch of the House of Stewart. What is historically evident from the mention in the chroncles is that Carruthers were a highly respected family in their region and of their time.
In the thirteenth century the chiefly family of Carruthers rose to become Hereditary Stewards of Annandale, a position of power and nobility in Scotland at the time. This was granted under the Family of Bruce (wrongly termed Clan Bruce) and in 1320, the chiefly line of Carruthers under Thomas acquired a charter of lands of Musfald (now called Mouswald), from King Robert the Bruce.
In 1349, John Carruthers, brother of Thomas, was Kings Chancellor to Annandale (ancestor of Carruthers Holmains), while his youngest brother Sir Nigel Carruthers, Chamberlain to David II, was killed at the Battle of Durham. Another NIgel, this time brother of Andrew, the 5th of Mouswald, was Chaplain of the Abbot of Paisley in (1419), and his brother was Commissioner of the West March (1429). It was the 1st Baron and 6th of Mouswald (1454) John who was Captain of Lochmaben Castle (1446). Lochmaben Castle, one time owned by the Family Bruce and reputed to be the birthplace of Robert the Bruce was ‘kept’ by John Carruthers in 1446.
Thomas, son of John Carruthers, received a grant of Mouswald from Robert Bruce. (1320). Their estate stretched northward into the district of Wamphray, which they shared with the Laird of Johnstone, and they were made Barons of Mouswald in the 15th century. His grandson, brother of the 2nd Baron, 7th of Mouswald who was Warden of the West March (1472) and died at the Battle of Kirtle (1484).
Sir Simon, 8th of Mouswald, 3rd Baron, was murdered in 1504, which passed the Barony to his son, again a Simon, 9th of Mouswald. The Mouswald line survived through to Simon 10th of Mouswald and 5th Baron but ended when he died on a border raid in 1548.
One William Carruthers in Clonhede was on January 26, 1508-9, convicted of transporting cattle to England (taken from the laired of Newby) and of art and part of the slaughter at the same time of Robert Hood and of an infant of two years old, as well as of the burning of the place and mill of Newby, in company with Andrew Johnston ‘and the traitors of Leven’. He was sentenced to be drawn and hanged, and all his goods forfeited.
On 18th March 1618 John Carruthers of Rammerscales, and William Johnston, called of Lockerbie, were indicted for the slaughter of Christopher Wigholme (now Wigham or Whigham), burgess of Sanquhar, committed in June 1594, but the charge was not pressed against Carruthers. For the slaughter of John Carruthers of Dormont, one Habbie Rae in Mouswald and twenty-one others were put upon their trial, 3d February 1619; but the case was remitted to the circuit court at Dumfries, and the result is not recorded.
Arms of Carruthers through the ages
The ancient arms devised for the Carruthers by the mediæval heralds bore a striking similarity to the arms of another family of the Southwest, the MacClellans whose shield was also gold but with plain black chevrons rather than engrailed. The blue chevroned armorial was recorded in blazon by William Pont and it was possibly a blazoning error by the author. Due to the lack of heraldic regulation in those days several members of the same family might have borne the same shield which could lead to confusion on the battlefield, but one suspects at the time that one Carruthers was just as worthy as another Carruthers in the fray, so identity was not a problem.
CARRUTHERS OF MOUSWALD – Ancient Chiefs:
Five ancient armorials record the arms of Simon Carruthers, the last chief. Two favour gold charges (the fleurs-de-lis) and two favour silver charges. The fifth records a silver chevron with golden fleurs-de-lis. The shield to the left bears the same arms as those of the Brouns of Carsluith the head of which house was the powerful Gilbert Broun, Abbot of Sweetheart Abbey. This was situation not rationalised until the Lyon Act of 1672 with the Register of All Arms and Bearings and the registration of the Arms of Holmains.
SIMON CARRUTHERS (Recognised Arms)
The Carruthers of Mouswald, therefore the Barony and the Carruthers Chiefly line, came to an end with the death of Simon Carruthers who was killed in 1548 during a border raid, and his two daughters were placed under the guardianship of the Clan Douglas. This led to what some would say, to the mistreatment of the heiress’s, a forced marriage of one of them and the murder of the other and the lands being passed to the Douglas’s of Drumlanrig.
Again allegedly, acting in the ‘interests’ of the heiress’s, Douglas paid John Carruthers, brother of the last Chief and claimant to the Mouswald line, a sum of £2000 to give up his claim to the lands. The Chiefly line was then inherited by the most senior of the family lines, that of Holmains.
CARRUTHERS OF HOLMAINS (HOWMAINS) – Chiefs:
After the Lord Lyons Act of the Scottish Parliament in 1672, which required all worthy gentlemen with arms to have them recorded and registered, John Carruthers 9th of Holmains registered his arms. Although evidence suggests these were used prior to 1672 by the House of Holmains, they became the recognisable chiefly arms of Carruthers and are the ones commonly and wrongly misappropriated for commercial purposes. It is strongly believed that the arms of Holmains were made up by conjoining the ancient arms with those recorded under Simon of 10th of Mouswald, as a homage to the senior but now extinct line of our family.
Holmains began with the son of John Carruthers (1361) brother to Thomas the first of Mouswald (1320), named Roger as 1st of Holmains who received the charter of Little Dalton and Holmains in 1375. It wasnt until John Carruthers, the 5th of Holmains that it became a barony. His eldest son John, was sadly killed at the battle of Solway Moss in 1542 and his brother George became the 6th of Holmains and 2nd Baron.
The Carruthers of Holmains line continued to prosper and in 1542 their lands were erected into a free barony. However not all was plain sailing for on May 19, 1563, John Carruthers of Holmends (Holmains), George and William his sons, Edward Irvine of Bonshaw (Chief of Clan Irvine, close allies to the Carruthers), David Irvine of Robgill, and several others of their accomplices, were indicted for ‘hurting’ Kirkpatrick of Closeburn (Chief of Clan Kilpatrick) and slaying several persons whose names were given; but the indictment appears to have been departed from.
Sadly the Carruthers estate of Holmains was lost in 1772 when a financial disaster overwhelmed the family and the male line died out in the early 18th century with the death of the 12th of Holmains. Many Carruthers of Holmains went to India where they were involved and served in the English East India Company, the British Raj and the Indian Army.
After 12 long and arduous years of research and investigation by the Clan Society, the senior member of this line, Dr. Simon Peter Carruthers of Holmains has been recognised as Chief of Clan Carruthers by the Lord Lyon King of Arms, Dr Joseph Morrow, CBE, KStJ, QC, DL, LLD, the arbiter in determining chiefships through the confirmation of the right to bear the hereditary Chiefly Arms of a clan or family. He is comes directly from his 4x-great grandfather John Carruthers, 12th of Holmains and Kirkwood and last Chief of the line of Holmains until it became dormant, who died in 1809.
In the Decision issued in 19th of August 2019 and published on the 9th September 2019, the Lyon found Dr. Carruthers “entitled to be recognised in the name, style and title of;
‘Simon Peter Carruthers of Holmains, Chief of the Name and Arms of Carruthers’
and maintained, ratified, and confirmed the undifferenced Chiefly Arms of Carruthers of Holmains, originally matriculated after the Lyons Act, c. 1672
This Decision followed nearly 20 months of proceedings before the Lord Lyon, including two hearings of the Lyon Court in Edinburgh. The last of which was held on March 2019, at which Dr Carruthers was represented by Sir Crispin Agnew of Lochnaw, Bt, QC.
On the 26th November 2019, supporters to the Chief’s Arms were granted by the Lord Lyon.
*All Subsequent Arms registered, are differenced from the Chiefly Arms of Holmains
CARRUTHERS OF ISLE :
Interestingly and at the same time as the Chiefly Arms of Holmains were registered in 1672, another set of Arms were also registered. A James Carruthers who was the Steward Deputy and Factor (land agent) to the Earl of Annandale, recorded his arms. They were the same as those of John Carruthers of Holmains but all within a bordure Argent (a silver border). This would seems to indicate that James was very closely related to John, possibly a younger brother, at worst a cousin but also a cadet line.
The male line of the Holmains failed early in the nineteenth century with the death of the twelfth laird, leaving the house with several surviving daughters. A younger sister set up a trust in 1836 for the benefit of a list of heirs, namely her nephews, sons by her older sisters, whereby, in order of succession, they could benefit financially from the trust if they would change their surname to Carruthers and matriculate the Holmains arms.
CARRUTHERS-WADE
The first to take advantage of this in 1854 was Major John Peter Wade of the Honourable East India Company Service. He took the additional surname as Carruthers-Wade and matriculated arms at the Lyon Court quartering Wade arms in the first and fourth quarters and the undifferenced Carruthers of Holmains arms in second and third.
I am not sure that in hindsight that this is what was intended when the trust was set up as it appears the intention was to preserve the chiefship in the immediate family and by retaining the Wade surname the good Major eliminated himself from becoming the chief because he had a different surname.
MITCHELL – CARRUTHERS
However, Major Carruthers Wade died without issue in 1873 and the line of succession passed to his cousin, the Reverend William Mitchell. He too changed his name by adding Carruthers to become the Reverend William Mitchell-Carruthers. Subsequently he matriculated but with the Carruthers coat in the first and fourth and a newly devised Mitchell quartering in second and third depicting seniority of the Carruthers name.
These arms are now held by the cousins of the Chief, who reside in France.
J. A. CARRUTHERS OF DORMONT
Willaim, younger son of John Carruthers 5th of Holmains and younger brother of George 6th of Holmains, received the Charter of Corsopeland and later Nether Dormont in 1552. This initiated the cadet line acquiring the estate of Dormont in Dumfrieshsire. The Estate has been in the continuous ownership of the Carruthers family since 1452 athough only chartered to the Dormont branch of the family since 1552.
The present encumbent represents the 13th generation. When Major Francis John Carruthers of Dormont, late of the Kings Own Scottish Borderers, decided to matriculate arms in 1913, fully eleven generations of his family had lived at Dormont. Although the Arms may have existed back in time, the Lord Lyon of the time, Sir Francis Grant matriculated arms for Major Carruthers with differences of chevronels and a bordure Or (golden border) in 1913, depicting cadetship of their family, from Holmains.
These arms were painted on the major’s Letters Patent by the great heraldic painter A. G. Law Sampson with probably the first ‘accurate’ depiction of a seraphim crest ever to grace a Carruthers armorial. Dormont retained the original motto as is common in Scottish heraldry. The one thing Major Francis did not do however was to make a claim to the chiefship of the name which suggest he would have known that there were others who had a better claim to be chief. Currently the senior member of the Carruthers family of Dormont is James (Jamie) Alexander Carruthers, 13th of that line who matriculated his uncles Arms in 1993 .
Rev. A. S. CARRUTHERS
In November 1965, arms were matriculated by the Reverend Arthur Stanley Carruthers (co-author of the book with R.C.Reid: Records of the Carruthers Family). He had shown that he was a cadet of the family of Carruthers of Dormont, itself having descended from the second son of John Carruthers, 5th of Holmains. The matriculated arms are contained within a Stodart style border to indicate the position of Arthur Carruthers within the family; the border is divided into two parts and charged twice to show the complexity of the relationship with the Dormont line. The shield is ensigned with the black hat with a pair of single tassels which may be used by a churchmen in place of a crest. Again the traditional Carruthers motto was retained.
Dr G. CARRUTHERS FSA Scot
As an armiger, Dr George Carruthers, FSA Scot, of Dunfermline, Fife, was granted his personal Arms in 2017. His arms were differenced from the Chiefly arms by two chevronels, as did Dormont and a pheon replacing a fleur de lis in the base. He also chose to break with tradition to date and have his own motto; Non Sto Solus – I do not Stand Alone while keeping the angelic theme for his crest; The Archangel Michael Pinning the Beast.
Dr Carruthers is the Convenor of the Clan Carruthers Society International (CCSI),which is the official society representing the family world wide and is recognised as such by the Chief of Carruthers.
G. J. CARRUTHERS FSA Scot
The last Armiger granted Arms was Gary John Carruthers from Queensland Australia, a renowned genalogist of the clan and family. Gary Carruthers is the Genealogist for the Clan Society in Australasia. Keeping the seraphim Proper and the motto, Promptus et Fidelis, the border of his arms reflects his genealogy from the Dormont line. The Bell in the base replacing the fleur de-lys, as a difference from the Chiefs arms, is representative of his many ancestors from the neighbouring clan Bell.
His line is directly from Guileburn, to Dormont and beyond and his petition was granted by the Lord Lyon in 2019.
A fuller heraldic history can be found on the clan website : http://www.clancarruthers.com
